SUBARU Philosophy - English

The Appeal of the Subaru 660

Wed, 22 May 2013 16:35:10 +0900

In March 1990, in line with expansion of the light car standard, the Rex underwent another facelift with the incorporation of a 660 cc engine. In Cartopia Vol. 214, which was issued on April 1 that year, a special page entitled “The Appeal of the Subaru 660” introduced some comments by the developing staff. Here we bring you that article.

The 660 Rex – Comfort derived from peace of mind and low physical fatigue when driving

○Engine with good start performance
I worked on finalizing the 660 Rex engine. We have achieved higher displacement this time through lengthening stroke starting from the 550 cc Clover 4 engine as a base. Through lengthening the stroke, the low-speed torque increases and initial acceleration performance is improved. In addition to the carburetor NA engine and supercharger engine, we have developed an EMPi (electronically controlled multipoint fuel injection) engine vehicle that gives even smoother and more economical running performance. Also, we have given all manual cars five speeds.
(Mr. Hiroki Yasuda, Chief, No. 2 Design Department)

○Excellent comfort and safety
The 660 Rex has been developed with emphasis on “comfort” and “safety.” Comfort here refers to peace of mind and low physical fatigue during driving and easy operation when trying to avoid danger and in other emergency situations. Concerning the extra 100 mm car length, first of all the engine room has been expanded 60 mm to the front. Doing so has made it possible to enhance quietness and cooling performance. Also, the front and rear bumpers have been protruded 20 mm each.
(Mr. Fujio Makita, Department Manager in Charge in the Production Planning Headquarters)

○High-performance EMPi engine
The EMPi engine, which is based on a carburetor NA engine, realizes enhanced running and driving performance, higher output, better fuel economy and all-round outstanding performance thanks to fine-tuned electronic control. In order to combine with the transmission, i.e. impart torque characteristics suited to MT and ECVT, mainly the shape of air inlet system has been modified and steps have also been taken to improve quietness.
(Mr. Masahiko Kawanabe, member in charge, Engine Experimental Section 2, Research Experiment Department 2)

○Car body structure in conformance with the new standards
Working on the car body structure, we first tried to achieve better quietness and low vibration through mounting the 660 cc engine. The second point we focused on in development was strengthening safety in the event of accidents. In order to achieve a body worthy of a comfortable sedan, we redesigned the layout of the car body structure within the scope of the new standards and, for safety purposes too, we altered the size of bumpers and revamped the front structure.
Mr. Toshio Masuda, Supervisor, Light Cars Group, Design Department 1)

○Power performance exceeding class
I worked on practical performance matters. Based on the concept of “A comfortable mini sedan,” we raised power performance to liter class for carburetor cars, higher than that for EMPi models, and a level on a par with 1.3 carburetor cars for the supercharger version. In the prototype vehicle stage especially, we asked various drivers such as women, men, beginners and veterans to run on actual roads and we reflected their wide-ranging assessments in the development.
(Mr. Nagahiro Takahashi, Vehicle Research Experiment Section 1, Research Experiment Department 1）

The above contents were extracted from Cartopia edition 214)

Second generation Sambar (1966 - 1972)

Mon, 20 May 2013 16:11:47 +0900

The second generation New Sambar was launched and also went on sale at an event staged at Tokyo Kaikan in Marunouchi, Tokyo on January 8, 1966.

The New Sambar had a fresh body style and a wide array of improvements.

The Sambar truck’s rear deck was only 355 millimeters off the ground, making it the lowest among light trucks at that time, and it was also 20% larger than before. The detachable side gate made loading and unloading more easier; the two-stage wide-floor truck adopted a waterproof locker (fitted with key) that could be opened from either side on the lower deck, while the flat upper deck had flaps on three sides, thereby enhancing the vehicle’s capacity to carry various loads. The rear deck space was 3.62 square meters, making it the largest among light trucks at that time. Through expanding the side door to a width of 960 millimeters and adopting a spacious new design cabin, the New Sambar has better loading capability and riding comfort than before. Moreover, through adopting a low step and wider door opening area, it was easier for driver and passengers to board and alight. The fuel tank capacity was expanded from 20 liters to 23 liters, the largest in the light truck class at that time, and the vehicle was able to travel 500 kilometers on a full tank.

In 1970, the modified “Baban” Sambar went on sale. While continuing the riding comfort and user friendliness of its forerunners, this model was mounted with a high-performance engine and semi-trailing arm rear suspension, resulting in far better driving performance. Moreover, the triangular windows were abolished and rear-opening doors were adopted with a view to enhancing functionality and safety. The truck rear deck was also improved for better loading performance, and a semi-opening locking device was adopted on the rear gate. The New Sambar series that went on sale in March 1971 had a revamped front design. A color-differentiated grille was placed around the ventilation, giving a bolder design than before. Moreover, ventilation outlets were added to the doors to ensure that fresh air flowed constantly inside the cabin. The Sambar Panel Van and the Sambar Light Van SDX were on sale in July and September of that year respectively. The “Strong” Sambar series that went on sale in February 1972 adopted a large front grille and bold front face design, and a side grille equipped with winker was added to the airflow ventilation outlets at the top of the doors. Moreover, suspension was further reinforced in order to better cope with tough driving and loading conditions. Furthermore, the letter “H” was added as a mark to trucks (flat) fitted with reinforced torsion bar and oil damper.

New Sambar (January 1966)

Size: Length 2,995 mm x Width 1,295 mm x Height 1,545 mm
Wheelbase: 1,750 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,120 mm (Rear) 1,080 mm
Min. ground clearance: 185 mm
Vehicle weight: 445 kg
Riding capacity: Two persons
Engine: EK32
Model: Air-cooled two-cycle, in-line two-cylinder
Displacement: 356 cc
Max. output: 20PS/5,000 rpm
Max. torque: 3.2 kg·m/3,000 rpm
Suspension
Front: Trailing arm independent suspension
Rear: Swing axle independent suspension
(Sambar Truck)

Baban Sambar (February 1970)

Size: Length 2,995 mm x Width 1,295 mm x Height 1,545 mm
Wheelbase: 1,750 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,120 mm (Rear) 1,110 mm
Min. ground clearance: 160 mm
Vehicle weight: 475 kg
Riding capacity: Two persons
Engine: EK32
Model: Air-cooled two-cycle, in-line two-cylinder
Displacement: 356 cc
Max. output: 26PS/5,800 rpm
Max. torque: 3.6 kg·m/4,500 rpm
Suspension
Front: Semi trailing arm independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension
(Sambar Truck low-floor model）

Strong Sambar (February 1972)

Size: Length 2,995 mm x Width 1,295 mm x Height 1,545 mm
Wheelbase: 1,750 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,120 mm (Rear) 1,110 mm
Min. ground clearance: 165 mm
Vehicle weight: 495 kg
Riding capacity: Two persons

Engine: EK33
Model: Air-cooled two-cycle, in-line two-cylinder
Displacement: 356 cc
Max. output: 26PS/5,800 rpm
Max. torque: 3.6 kg·m/4,500 rpm

Suspension
Front: Semi trailing arm independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension
（Sambar Truck low-floor model)

DOMINGO (1994 - )

Fri, 17 May 2013 16:59:34 +0900

On June 18, 1994, having undergone a full model change, the new Domingo series went on sale (it had gone on advanced sale in Europe in the autumn of 1993). Retaining the unique concept of seven-person capacity in a compact body, the new Domingo had greatly improved fittings, running performance and safety, etc. The new exterior was a cubic form with good space efficiency. Thanks to the broad glass area and open feel, visibility and safety were also greatly improved. The front edge of the chassis with rigid frame was reinforced in a Y shape, and steps were incorporated to soften the shock in the event of collision.

Not only could the interior comfortably accommodate seven people, but luggage space was also secured behind the third seat. All the multifunction seats could be adjusted so that 11 different seating arrangements could be secured. Moreover, the Domingo was the only small one-box wagon to have right and left sliding doors at the time. In addition to the conventional five-speed M/T, ECVT was added to the 4WD transmission. Also, the viscous full-time 4WD system was newly adopted at this time. As the grade variations of the new Domingo, the full-time 4WD comprised GV (ECVT/5MT) and GV sun-sunroof (ECVT/5MT), and 2WD models comprised the CV (5MT) and CV-B (5MT).

In April 1996, the Domingo Aladdin, which had a lift-up roof that contained a loft when lifted, was released. Measuring 200 centimeters long, 84 centimeters wide, 50 centimeters high, the loft could be used as a sleeping space big enough to accommodate one adult and one child. The Aladdin Camper had a galley fitted with electric pump shower, portable gas stove, folding side table, blind curtains and interior power socket as standard equipments.

Domingo４WD GV Sun-Sunroof

Size: Length 3,525 mm x Width 1,415 mm x Height 1,925 mm
Wheelbase: 1,885 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,205 mm (Rear) 1,210 mm
Min. ground clearance: 195 mm
Vehicle weight: 1,090 kg
Riding capacity: Seven persons

Engine: EF12
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, OHC in-line three-cylinder
Displacement: 1,189 cc
Max. output: 61PS/5,600 rpm
Max. torque: 9.8 kg·m/3,600 rpm

Suspension
Front: MacPherson strut independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension

Domingo Aladdin Camper Fulltime 4WD

Size: Length 3,525 mm x Width 1,415 mm x Height 1,995 mm
Wheelbase: 1,885 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,205 mm (Rear) 1,210 mm
Min. ground clearance: 195 mm
Vehicle weight: 1,150 kg
Riding capacity: Six persons

Engine: EF12
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, OHC in-line three-cylinder
Displacement: 1189 cc
Max. output: 61PS/5,600 rpm
Max. torque: 9.8 kg·m/3,600 rpm

Suspension
Front: MacPherson strut independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension

First Generation Sambar (1961 - 1965)

Mon, 06 May 2013 13:45:38 +0900

The Sambar Truck and Subaru 450 were launched at the Tokyo Akasaka Prince Hotel on October 14, 1960, two and a half years following the Subaru 360 going on sale.

At that time, the Sambar had the lowest floor and widest rear deck of any light truck, and it was an RR vehicle, i.e. it had rear-drive and was equipped with an air-cooled two-cycle two-cylinder 360 cc engine at the rear. Thanks to the rear engine mounting, it had good load balance between loaded and unloaded times, and its independent suspension system (the same as that in the Subaru 360) gave it excellent driving comfort. In terms of safety too, the Sambar was designed with the driver’s seat separated from the bumper as far as possible with a view to improving collision safety. The three main features of the first generation Sambar, i.e. RR drive, four-wheel independent suspension, and cabover style, were continued for 50 years until the end of Subaru production in 2012. (Since 2012, the Sambar is supplied by Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. based on the OEM system, and Subaru continues to retail it today).

The “Sambar” name is derived from the deer that is native to Southern China and India, and it was chosen in order to evoke an image of “running lightly.”

The first generation Sambar truck went on sale in February 1961, four months after its launch. In September that year, the four-person Sambar Light Van, which could serve as both a business and a leisure vehicle, additionally went on sale. In March 1962, a four-door light van with an added rear gate, was added to the conventional three-door model (two doors at the front and one on the left side). This model underwent subsequent improvements to detailed parts every year until it was discontinued in 1965.

First generation Sambar Light Van (December 1961)

Size: Length 2,990 mm x Width 1,300 mm x Height 1,520 mm
Wheelbase: 1,670 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,130 mm (Rear) 1,070 m
Min. ground clearance: 195 mm
Vehicle weight: 470 kg
Riding capacity: Four persons

Engine: EK32
Model: Air-cooled two-cycle, in-line two-cylinder
Displacement: 356 cc
Max. output: 18PS/4,700 rpm
Max. torque: 3.2 kg•m/3,200 rpm
Suspension
Front: Trailing arm independent suspension
Rear: Swing axle independent suspension

DOMINGO (1983 - )

Fri, 03 May 2013 16:00:00 +0900

Released on October 3, 1983, the Subaru Domingo was developed as a new category of multipurpose 1-liter wagon endowed with the usability and economy not available in existing small one-box cars, the high performance and seven-person capacity not provided by light cab wagons, and front turning opposite-facing seats, which was a first in Japan at the time.

The new design EF10 engine was a 997 cc in-line three-cylinder four-cycle OHC. Light and compact, this high-performance engine struck a balance between excellent fuel economy, flexible running characteristics and outstanding quietness. The engine was mounted in the rear, and there were two variations on the drive system, i.e. RR and part-time 4WD. Suspension was the MacPherson strut independent suspension (coil spring) on the front, while semi-trailing arm independent suspension (coil spring) 4WD independent suspension was adopted on the rear, thereby giving operating stability with a good balance between linearity, stability and running performance on rough roads, etc. Driving stability was further enhanced through the adoption of 12 inch radial tires (excluding 2WD CF). In particular, the 4WD model adopted all-season tires, guaranteeing sufficient performance on snowy roads and in other poor conditions. At the time of release, 2WD models comprised the CF, CS, CS-S and CS-S with sunroof, while 4WD models comprised the GF, GS, GS-S and GS-S with sunroof.

Incidentally, the name Domingo is derived from the Spanish word for “Sunday,” and it was chosen in the hope that people could “get a Sunday feeling any time” when they drove the car.

A model mounted with the newly developed 1.2 liter engine was added to the Domingo lineup in June 1986. The 1.2 liter engine, for use in 4WD models, was graded into three classes, i.e. GS, GS-S and GS-S with sunroof and Sun-sun window. The 1.0 liter engine, for use in 2WD models, was graded into four classes, i.e. CF, CS, CS-S and CS-S with sunroof and sun-sun window. Thus the variety of models was further enhanced. In addition, the “Sun-sun window” model, which added glass areas to both sides of the large-size sunroof, was adopted at this time too, giving a sense of openness. Moreover, the full-time 4WD model GX went on sale in August this year. Through combining Subaru’s unique free-running full-time 4WD system into the 1.2 liter OHC engine, the GX enabled simpler and safer 4WD driving. In October 1992, a model equipped with twin air conditioner and cassette stereo was added and high-mount stop lamps were added to all models.

Domingo４WD GS-S

Size: Length 3,410 mm x Width 1,430 mm x Height 1,900 mm
Wheelbase: 1,805 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,210 mm (Rear) 1,210 mm
Min. ground clearance: 205 mm
Vehicle weight: 900 kg
Riding capacity: Seven persons

Engine: EF10
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, OHC in-line three-cylinder
Displacement: 997 cc
Max. output: 56PS/5,400 rpm
Max. torque: 8.5 kg·m/3,200 rpm

Suspension
Front: MacPherson strut independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension

Domingo 4WD GX Sun Roof Sun-sun Window

Size: Length 3,425 mm x Width 1,430 mm x Height 1,900 mm
Wheelbase: 1,805 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,210 mm (Rear) 1,210 mm
Min. ground clearance: 205 mm
Vehicle weight: 940 kg
Riding capacity: Seven persons

Engine: EF12
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, OHC in-line three-cylinder
Displacement: 1,189 cc
Max. output: 52PS/4,800 rpm
Max. torque: 9.7 kg·m/3,200 rpm

Suspension
Front: MacPherson strut independent suspension
Rear: Semi-trailing arm independent suspension

Talking about FF Rex

Wed, 01 May 2013 16:00:00 +0900

The Rex underwent three full model changes during 20 years of production. The biggest transformation occurred in the change from the first to the second generation models in September 1981. At this time, the Rex switched from rear-engine rear-wheel drive (RR), which Subaru had adopted in its light cars ever since the Subaru 360, to front-engine front-wheel drive (FF). Subaru started mass production of FF compact cars from the Subaru 1000, and in the middle of its production cycle, it utilized the know-how and experience from this in completely changing the drive system of the Rex. How did this change, which subsequently provided the base for 4WD vehicles and ECVT cars, come about?

In Cartopia Vol. 112 (issued on October 1, 1981), the voices of the engineers who participated in the development are introduced in the special article “Talking about FF Rex”. Here, we introduce some excerpts from that article.

“The main points in body design are expanded interior space and long life”
Shigeo Nomura (No. 1 Design Section, No. 1 Body Engineering Department, Subaru Engineering Headquarters)

The primary question was whether to adopt front-wheel (FF) or rear-wheel (RR) drive. Everybody (including four or five project team members from the body engineering department) has a vague idea about what the merits and problems of adopting FF in light cars are, and that is precisely why we had to manufacture preliminary test vehicles (trolleys) and so forth. We are prone to think that since we understand RR, the same things will apply to FF, or that because we are working on compact cars, there are not likely to be any major troubles, however, in reality that isn’t the case at all. That is why we ironed out each detail using the trolleys.

The most important point in body design is securing larger interior space. The vehicle size is prescribed to start with, but the challenge lies in creating as much space and incorporating as many functions as possible into this frame. Naturally we need to limit the size of the engine room, but at the same time we need to make it easy to conduct maintenance so that the vehicle can be kept in optimum condition. We need to look at various issues such as the layout of auxiliary devices and so on. We advance the work while placing various dummy parts in various positions and performing actual operation.

If we enlarge the interior space, we naturally need to expand openings while also retaining the strength of the body. Although we gain a general idea from calculations, we still need to conduct tests using actual vehicles in order to obtain optimum values in the actual vehicle.

We decided to adopt high-tension steel plate ultimately out of the desire to keep weight down. Although this entailed higher unit rates, we thought the merits outweighed the demerits. We have adopted high-tension steel plates on 44% of the entire body and also on the bumpers. We finalized the specifications through many dedicated test bodies with various specs.

In this model, the area of glass has been increased by 30%, however, put simply, the glass has become heavier. Moreover, because body openings have been expanded in size, we have had to take special steps on joints and so on in order to sustain strength, for example, the pillar terminal connections and so on.

Another issue that arises with strength in body design is vibration. We conducted countless tests on how to deal with engine vibration and suspension vibration in order to secure greater quietness.

We also had to concretely actualize the basic concept of long life. Taking the example of rust prevention, when designing the body structure, we need to ensure that electrodeposited liquid was evenly distributed over the entire body. The liquid cannot move around unless air is removed from the frame and pillars. Even so, if the distribution of electrodeposited liquid is inadequate, we need to adopt zinc-treated materials, i.e. rustproof steel plate. Also, a feature of the new Rex is that we have adopted a vinyl chloride undercoat in the side sill. This is the first time we have treated up to the side sill in a light car. (Remainder is abbreviated)

（Extracted from CartopiaVol.112, issued on October 1, 1981）

SUBARU SAMBAR

Mon, 29 Apr 2013 16:00:00 +0900

We have so far looked back over the history of light class cars from SUBARU360 to the REX, after introducing the models equipped with horizontally-opposed engines from SUBARU1000 to the Alcyone SVX. In addition to these passenger cars, Subaru has also manufactured commercial vehicles in compliance with light car guidelines. Launched in October 1960 (with sales commencing the following year), the Sambar has become a long-running brand and is still in production today after 53 years. Here we introduce successive generations of the Sambar that have illuminated its history spanning more than half a century.

First Generation Sambar Truck (February 1961)

Size: Length 2,990 mm x Width 1,300 mm x Height 1,520 mm
Wheelbase: 1,670 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,130 mm (Rear) 1,070 mm
Min. ground clearance: 185 mm
Vehicle weight: 395 kg
Riding capacity: Two persons

“Subaru fuel saving counting song”

Fri, 26 Apr 2013 15:31:32 +0900

This era was characterized by the oil shocks and rapidly growing interest in fuel economy and exhaust gases, as evidenced by the adoption of exhaust gas controls and so on. Reflecting these trends, the economy of the Rex enabled by its simplicity and compact size was expressed using the term “chibi-cology” (literally mini-ecology) and was appealing to customers. Here, we introduce an unusual “counting song” that helps evoke the feeling of the age. This “Subaru fuel saving counting song” was first printed on the back cover of the Rex catalog that was issued in February 1974. Still valid today, it expresses the secret of fuel saving driving with easy to remember phrases.

A Car is a Tool to Expand Your Own Range.

Mon, 22 Apr 2013 15:27:23 +0900

In conjunction with the debut of the Justy, Cartopia magazine presented, over the course of two months, the comments of Kyoji Takenaka (later to become President of Fuji Heavy Industries), working then in Sect. 2, Product Planning Dept., Subaru Planning Div., regarding the approach and steps involved in developing a new product. In continuation from last month, we present this article that discusses the viewpoint of Subaru at that time in regards to creating new vehicles.

Engineers’ Lounge
A Car is a Tool to Expand Your Own Range.

For the Justy, we consider how to design and develop the vehicle, targeting young people in their twenties and early thirties. More specifically, the persons we consider as targets are actually all of us involved in the project. In my case, I am about to get married. In other words, this means that everyone could contribute to the development process while having a definite image in their minds of the target customers. Persons creating the design drawings could carefully draw each line in order to make a car that could be easily used for themselves while designers, when making clay models, could precisely scrape clay along one side with the same with the same mindset.

Since a car is something that you drive everyday, everyone should think about what kind of car they want. You don’t need to over-think it but rather if you plan something for yourself, plan a car that matches your own sensibilities, I think it will find the acceptance of the customers. It’s not about creating an image of the target customer, but rather you should align yourself with the age group of people who will be affected by the same feelings and concepts as yourself; this is the most simple and best understood approach.

Accordingly, if you consider the true essence of a car, it is, after all, just another tool for us to use. I think that everyone, while living their day-to-day lives, has that sense of curiosity in wanting to start something new or to confront a personal challenge, and a car can be a useful tool when trying to actualize the object of that curiosity. I think that a car that is simply something that can only be used in our current daily lives is without value. A car must be something that satisfies our needs when we want to break out of our daily routine.

My Job is Creating the Subaru Brand Image and Establishing Confidence.

The job of all engineers whose tasks are more white collar, such as my position, is fundamentally to work on somehow creating a brand image. That is, I think that we need to securely establish confidence in the technology of manufacturers and Subaru among customers who drive Subaru cars. Although it slightly delays the release of a model for the sake of making preparations, one way to do this is to practically implement leading-edge technology that has already been released, such as the Subaru ECVT, as a means to comply with the various customer needs. I believe that doing this will strengthen the Subaru brand image and that my job is to advance steadily towards realizing these goals.

(Extracted from Cartopia Vol. 142, issued in 1984)

Changes in Subaru

Thu, 18 Apr 2013 15:09:18 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

To mark the launch of the Subaru 1000, Subaru magazine ran a mostly illustrated series of articles entitled “Changes in Subaru” starting from Vol. 34 (issued on May 1, 1966) and finishing with Vol. 39 (issued in March 1967). The series included an easy to understand and illustrated introduction to the design changes that had been made over the years to the Subaru 360, which was launched in 1958. The following is an excerpt from the serial column.

Steering wheel and dashboard area

Steering wheel and dashboard area of the Subaru 360 launched in 1958

1961 model

1962 model

Steering wheel and dashboard area of the redesigned 1963 Subaru 360

1966 model

Changes mainly around the interior seating

Seating area of the Subaru 360 launched in 1958

Seating area of the 1962 model

From 1962, the car was divided into the Standard and Deluxe models. The 1963 first half Deluxe model adopted two-tone high quality seating.

The seating was revamped in the 1963 second half Deluxe model, and reclining seats were adopted for the front seats.

Seating area of the latest Subaru 360 Super Deluxe

Changes in the window and door areas

The 1958 model had large door pockets.

The 1959 model had a three-plate front-rear slide window.

The 1962 model adopted an opening/closing rear window (the picture shows the DX).

In the 1963 model, inner lining was applied to the doors and fully opening vertical side windows were adopted (the picture shows the DX).

The 1965 model adopted rack pinion door lock and push-type door handles (the picture shows the DX).

In the 1966 model, pockets were added to the insides of doors (the picture shows the DX).

Changes in body

The basic lines of the body have hardly changed at all in 10 years. Here, we have traced the major visible changes.
1958 model: This adopted a separated front bumper; the rear air duct grille was on the driver side only; the lights were affectionately likened to a pop-eyed goldfish; the fender had no mirrors, and the wiper was on the driver side only.

1958 model: This adopted a separated front bumper; the rear air duct grille was on the driver side only; the lights were affectionately likened to a pop-eyed goldfish; the fender had no mirrors, and the wiper was on the driver side only.

1959 model: The rear air duct grille was also provided on the passenger side, making the car completely symmetrical in design.

1960 model: The front bumper became integrated.

1961 model: Parking lamps and reflectors were added.

1962-1963 model: Two models – the Deluxe and Standard – were launched from 1962. The Deluxe headlamps design was changed to the current design, and mirrors were added to the fender. The Standard model underwent the same changes in 1963.

1964 model: The rear style design was revamped and made smarter for both the Standard and Deluxe. Vertical louvers and two tail lamps were adopted.

1965 model: The tank cap was changed to a built-in design.

1966: This is the latest version Subaru 360. Black moldings have been added to the front and rear bumpers to add some accent. It has become even more user friendly and luxurious and acquired even higher performance as a family car, and it will continue to write new pages in the history of Subaru as further improvements are made from now on. Please look forward to it.

(Excerpt from the serial column carried in Subaru Vol. 34 - 39)

Celebrating the 12th Year Since First Being Introduced, Subaru's 4WD Enters the Third Stage

Wed, 17 Apr 2013 19:57:11 +0900

(Continued from last week)

As the Justy has been developed with four types of models, looking at previously developed 1.0-liter cars, it has been finally accepted into the market as a car with great individuality. We constantly maintained an evaluation standard in which we asked if a product perfectly fits the feelings of those persons searching for a vehicle that matches their own lifestyle, including persons in their twenties and thirties who are classified, to use an old expression, as “New Families”. Knowing that it would not be accepted if equipped with functions and equipment that were merely showy, turning it into a kind of forced product, we completely revised the vehicle specifications to come up with the four types of the Justy.

Cars that are driven by young people must have elements that allow them to enjoy their lifestyle and serve as a foundation to do other activities. Accordingly, it was the customers themselves who developed the Justy. For example, we have incorporated various systems if you want to create an audio room, and there are also other optional parts in order to enjoy driving. In other words, we expect there to be various individualized and creative uses of the Justy.

Although it is thought that 4WD is the centerpiece of the Justy, the Subaru 4WD first went on sale in 1972, meaning that it has a 12-year history of performance in the Leone. Subaru developed the Sambar 4WD for the light commercial vehicles from a groundbreaking perspective, and sales of the Rex Combi 4WD reached the top of its class. The 4WD function has become highly regarded by customers recently. In the past, 4WD was thought of something for special vehicles that drove on bumpy roads or “off roads” where there are no clear paths to follow. However, the second stage of 4WD automobiles have gained acceptance as practical vehicles that exhibit exceptional strength in areas of the country with heavy snowfall, and now we are entering the third stage of 4WD. This is not only because 4WD vehicles capable of providing comfort with high marginal performance and extreme safety when driving on highways or on rainy days, but also because the concept of a new sporty car has been gradually permeating the minds of young persons.

We seized this opportunity with main models being 4WD/RS, so I think that Justy will have a wide ranging appeal.

(To be continued)

The above was taken from Cartopia Vol. 141. This column featured the second half of this discussion in Cartopia Vol. 142 of the following month. We look forward to reproducing the second half of the discussion here next week.

safety design and functional design in the Rex

Thu, 11 Apr 2013 11:14:29 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

In the catalog for the first generation Rex, the safety philosophy of Subaru and its stance towards car making with emphasis on people (a principle that holds true to this day) are introduced. Various safety devices and comfortable functions that are taken for granted today were already equipped in the light cars that went on sale 30 years ago. Here, we extract portions from the first Rex catalog that was issued in July 1972.

SAFETY
[Attracted by Essence of the Rex]
The scrupulous attention to safety design and functional design in the Rex has no doubt attracted many people.

Safety Design for Human Dignity

● Dashboard . The bold protruding shape of the dashboard on the passenger seat side has been designed in order to reduce shock in the event of crashes.
Moreover, the Rex soft padding not only covers the surface but is soft all the way to the center. Unfortunately we cannot cut a section out to show you.
Also, consideration of design can be seen in the way that the upper part of the protruding glove box can be used as an assisting grip.

● Door inner lock . The lock is positioned so that the driver can even check the lock on the passenger side while in the driving position. Of course, there is no danger of children in the rear seats playing with the lock.

● Room lamp . The room lamp fitted above the driver’s head is linked to the door switch and also serves as a warning light for when the door is half open. This explains the reason why the door switch is located not on the hinge side but on the edge (in all models except the standard version). Moreover, because the room mirror detaches on impact, this prevents injury in the event of accidents.

● Pilot lamps . The charge, oil and handbrake lamps are lined up on the right side of the dashboard. The pilot sign for the hot-wire printed rear glass, which is a standard feature in the Custom L, is “CLEAR”.

Consideration Design combining Functions with Convenience

● Dashboard lamps (Custom L, Super L, GSR)
<User-friendly nighttime lamps for aiding safe driving> Illuminating the center panel with a pale light, the dashboard lamps prevent misoperation at night. Through guiding the heater lever and showing the cigar lighter position and so on, these lamps assist safe night driving.

● Glove box <large enough to hold a standard size maintenance handbook> Although obvious, it is troublesome when you can’t fit the things you want into the glove box. This is a prime example of the user-friendly design of the Rex.

● Rear side pockets (Custom L) <pockets for small objects that also serve as arm rests> These are handy for inserting a camera or cigarettes and so on. You can also enjoy the deluxe feel of resting your elbow on it.

● Center ventilation and powerful heater <able to cope even if people who like the cold and people who prefer the heat ride together> The center ventilation delivers fresh outside air to the upper body. (The Custom L has a lever for adjusting the wind direction). Through combining this with a two-speed fan that can switch between outside air introduction and inside air circulation, air conditioning can be flexibly adjusted as desired. In addition to the ideal temperature adjustment of cool head and warm feet, the fan can also be used to rapidly heat the car, shut out dust and odor and act as a defroster. Moreover, the center ventilation has a non-step adjusting lever for flexibly adjusting the air flow, and the heater is also scrupulously designed for fine adjustment of temperature.

● Passenger side door key lock (excluding the Deluxe and Standard) <Use the key lock from the sidewalk side> You can freely use the door key lock from either the right side or left side. Moreover, two-step opening of the door has been adopted for safety. User-friendly reversible keys are now common knowledge.

● User-friendly gasoline inlet design <Making work easier for gas station staff> When refueling, even if you spill the gasoline, it won’t stain the body. It’s just a minor feature, but there is a small hole beside the gasoline inlet. Moreover, the inlet lock is fitted as standard in all models except for the standard.

● Foot space <Long legs are the measure of looking good; wide foot space is the measure of functional pursuit> What is the key to revealing the secret behind the extensive front foot space in the Rex? It is the RR system. Naturally, placing the engine to the rear creates extra room at the front. Moreover, the spare tire is also housed at the front, thereby proving useful for securing safety in the event of accidents.

● Reach <Even able to adjust the shift lever position> Everybody knows how to adjust the seat according to the pedals, and how to adjust the angle of the back rest. Now try reaching for the switches and knobs. Operability is really good. That’s because of the concave dashboard.
Now, how about the reach for the shift lever? If it doesn’t fit your needs, the Rex allows you to alter the position to the front or rear by 70 mm. In order to do so, loosen the three bolts at the base of the lever, move it to the desired position, and re-tighten the bolts. (Was there ever a car that gave so much thought to the driver’s needs?)

changeless change

Tue, 09 Apr 2013 15:30:13 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

From the Subaru 360 catalog of July 1969
Based on the concept of changeless change, the Subaru 360 was produced and sold without undergoing any major model changes for 12 years. During this period, rival manufacturers launched other outstanding light cars, and Subaru responded by implementing repeated minor improvements to the Subaru 360 in order to satisfy the demands of customers. The introduction in the catalog towards the end of the model line describes the unique concept of the Subaru 360 in simple terms as follows.

A distinctive high performance car perfected over more than 10 years
It is 11 years since the Subaru 360 first appeared on our streets with its highly original style. The Subaru 360 is the only car that has continued for more than 10 years without undergoing a single model change. Even now, 11 years later, the unique style of this car does not feel out of place. Conversely, in an age of increasing individuality, the Subaru 360 appears even more attractive.

It is precisely because of the rational thinking that was devoted to designing and building a spacious, easy to use, and high performance car all those years ago that the Subaru 360 remains so original today. However, although the Subaru 360 has not undergone a full model change, it has been subject to more than 1,500 minor improvements until now.

Some of these improvements have targeted visible areas such as the car appearance and fittings, however, most of them have been directed towards greatly improving invisible portions such as the engine and suspension. Subaru engineers have devoted their efforts to essential areas such as these. It is thanks to such efforts that the Subaru 360 has come to be trusted and loved by so many people.

(Excerpt from the Subaru 360 catalog issued in July 1969)

The Engineers' Lounge

Fri, 05 Apr 2013 15:58:43 +0900

In Cartopia Vol. 141 presented last week
there was a column entitled “The Engineers’ Lounge” at the start of the issue. Included in this column were the comments of future Fuji Heavy Industries President Kyoji Takenaka. We are reproducing this extremely interesting discussion where he talked about the approach to car design and production at Subaru, and from there, his thoughts regarding the newly introduced Justy.

The Engineers’ Lounge: Expecting Creative Usage of the Justy

Kyoji Takenaka, Sect. 2, Product Planning Dept., Subaru Planning Div.

I started at Subaru in 1969, spending my first four years in the Auto Body Research/Experiment Dept. performing tasks such as performance testing of vehicles, after which I was transferred to mechanism design where I spent some two years designing brake-related equipment. After that, I became involved in new product planning in the Product Planning Dept. where I am currently working. In this department, I have had a hand in the Rex 5, FF Rex, Rex Combi, and the new Justy.

Usually the specific development of new products starts some three years prior to release. During this period we have been developing new models. The case of the Justy is different from the previous Leone and Rex models in that we had to send a completely new product out into the world resulting in it being thoroughly different from the very start of the project itself. It was the three years prior to the release when we had finally reached a concept that allowed us to say “This is it” with conviction, after refining the concept over and over again and holding discussions among young engineers. For this reason, Justy is an extremely important large project.

Although the introduction of the Subaru 1000 in 1966 was a revolutionary product that put Subaru technology to the test on the world stage, the Justy is in no manner just a normal car within the current 1,000-cc car class, and so we had to think about ways to emphasize the originality of Subaru. A 1,000-cc car provides no real value by simply existing in the middle of the line drawn between light cars and compacts. For that reason, we introduced 4WD into the design as a strong point, while also combining a high-power engine with economical performance in order to develop a two-box 1.0 liter car that pursues a new way of driving. Of course, we also integrated Subaru’s ECVT, a ground-breaking easy driving system, into our plans.

To be continued next week…

Birth of the Subaru Rex!

Thu, 04 Apr 2013 18:50:56 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

In this column, we pick up old materials and documents from the Subaru archives in order to give a taste of the atmosphere of the past and show how cars were presented to the public in those days. Here, we introduce the article entitled “Hotline” from the July 1972 edition of “Cartopia.” Incidentally, this was the first edition of Cartopia and it coincided with the launch of the Rex.

Birth of the Subaru Rex!
Here’s a brand new car that is hot and fresh!

Its name is Rex, which means “king” in Latin. In the sense that this embodies the Subaru spirit of Fuji Heavy Industries, it certainly takes the royal road for light cars, and its bold lines and daringly cut style give it a regal appearance.

When it comes to car styling, there is a wide spectrum of views and opinions (this is an area of preferences, although recently it is trendier to say disparities in feeling). Even so, the Rex has a pretty good feel. Particular features are its wide tread and low height. Although the wedge shape itself is not all that original, the solid low proportions and side style are quite elegant.

The sloping cut of the rear window is also innovative. Totally removed from the cliff cut of the past, this is probably the only car in the world where the rear window glass itself curves backwards like a steep peak. (This sloping cut has not been adopted simply for the cool look and innovation. Thanks to this cut, the roof can be pulled rearward, thereby allowing head clearance to be secured for rear seat passengers. This is another example of wonderful fusion between the Subaru spirit of rationality and excellent car design).

This Subaru pursuit of functionality can be seen all over the Rex. The concave dashboard protruding on the passenger seat side has been designed with passenger safety in mind, while the new door inner lock mechanism has been designed in consideration of operability and safety. (For brand new light car, it may be natural to expect the luxurious car interior and excellent fittings of a compact car, but it is fun reclining in the deep seats and trying the various devices).

The Water-cooled two-stroke engine comes in three types, namely 32ps, 35ps （TS） and 37ps (GSR). Beginning with the top of the range Custom L, there are eight versions of the car.

(Extract from the Cartopia, issued in July 1972)

Subaru mechanism

Mon, 01 Apr 2013 18:45:04 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

“Subaru mechanism”
In the era when the Subaru 360 was on the road, car mechanisms were far simpler than today, however, since cars were more prone to breakdowns and troubles, owners needed to have a better understanding of their mechanisms. Manufactures provided owner’s manuals describing in detail the car structure and troubleshooting methods, and the more general car life magazine “Subaru” contained pages introducing mechanism basics and ways to implement inspections and emergency repairs. The following introduces the structure of the Subaru 360 while referring to those articles.

·Pages on understanding your car (general contents)
(1)Brake oil tank
In almost all four-wheel vehicles, oil brakes are simultaneously applied to all four wheels. However, problems arise if the oil leaks or decreases. A plastic tank is adopted so that users can always see if they have enough oil.

(2)Battery
The battery is not only used for headlights. It plays an important role in ensuring that the engine starts and keeps running. Since this is a wet battery, consumed power is once more supplied by rotation of the engine.

(3)Steering shaft
In order to ensure safe running and pleasant driving, the steering wheel must be light. Power is multiplied via gears in order to freely move the front two wheels.

(4)Gear shift lever
Cars are fitted with a transmission (gearbox). They require a lot of power when initially moving and when climbing hills, and they need speed on flat roads. The shift lever controls this power and speed via the gears.

(5)Safety reinforced glass
If the car has a collision and the glass breaks, injury to the faces and hands of occupants is avoided because round-edged fragments like those illustrated fly off.

(6)Built-in radio antenna
Since the roofs of Subaru cars are made from plastic, the antenna is built-in from the start (in the case of the Convertible and Commercial models, since a hood is adopted, the antenna needs to be fitted separately). Since the antenna is the spiral type, its sensitivity remains undisturbed regardless of what direction the car travels, and there is also no fear of vandalism or breakage.

(7)Safety glass
Since two sheets of glass sandwich a sheet of vinyl, there is no danger of shards flying even if the glass breaks.

(8)Engine
The engine is an air-cooled two-stroke, in-line, two-cylinder, 360 cc, 18 HP model. Since it is cooled by forced air cooled by fan, there is no need for cooling water. This ensures there is no risk of overheating and running performance is comfortable even during low-speed running or hill climbing. As fuel, a blend of gasoline and the recommended oil in the ratio of 25: 1 is used. However, a blend ratio of 20: 1 is used for the first 1,000 km.

(9)Cooling air inlet
This is the inlet for introducing cooling air. Since the baffle plate is designed with a unique angle, a powerful air stream is fed even when the vehicle is running at high speeds.

(10)Air cleaner
The air cleaner functions to feed clean air into the engine and ensure that it functions for a long time. It is desirable to conduct cleaning and replacement frequently.

(11)Muffler
If the engine was allowed to generate sound untreated, it would be as loud as thunder. The muffler serves to reduce this noise through disturbing the sound waves and absorbing sound.

(12)Differential gear
This gear provides a rotation difference between left and right wheels when the vehicles goes around corners, and it thereby ensures smooth running and prevents abrasion of tires. This is fitted only to the rear wheels for drive purposes.

(13)Rear suspension
The rear suspension serves to give comfort to the occupants and enhance the durability of the chassis and engine. Subaru later gained worldwide acclaim for its unique swing axle independent suspension system that was both robust and light.
Moreover, Subaru is able to provide even greater riding comfort through also incorporating a torsion bar and coil spring.

(14)Heater hose
This pipe is used to supply heating air. If a fan is used to cool the engine, the engine is cooled but the air remains hot. This hose carries the hot air into the passenger compartment.

(15)Handbrake lever
The handbrake lever is used when parking the car; and it can also be used as an auxiliary brake. The lever brakes the two rear wheels via a wire, and when the lever is pulled and hand is released, the wheels remain locked. The brake is released by pushing down the lever while pressing the button above the lever.

(16)Front suspension
The front suspension is a trailing arm system. The steel torsion bar used in this returns to its original state if it is twisted and released. This system combines this principle with a coil spring in a similar space-saving mechanism to that used for the rear wheels.

(17)Tie rod
This is an arm that conveys force from the steering wheel through the gear to turn left or right. Since this has a unique angle, the inside wheel when going around a curve turns deeply and all four wheels form a precise concentric circle.

(18)Spare tire
The spare tire is primarily used for replacing a punctured tire. It is advisable to periodically check it to make sure it is filled with air.

In order to always correctly maintain the car and enjoy pleasant driving, it is necessary to understand the car mechanics to an extent. In that respect, explanations have here been given on the general mechanisms and their functions.

(Excerpt from “Subaru No. 11” issued on July 1, 1962)

SUBARU SPORTS

Mon, 25 Mar 2013 16:54:14 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

“SUBARU SPORTS”
Subaru presented the Subaru Sports – a prototype sports car based on the Subaru 450 – at the 8th Japan Motor Show that was held at Harumi in Tokyo from October 25 to November 7, 1961. Unfortunately, this car never progressed to the market retail stage, however, we can look back on conditions at the time from an article that was carried in the Subaru Vol. 7 (issued on November 25, 1961).

SUBARU SPORTS
The Subaru Sports, which has been a big hit at the motor show, is a prototype racer-type sports car for two.

Utilizing the engine and cushion of the Subaru 450, which has already established a good reputation for performance, it is designed to achieve even higher levels of comfortable acceleration and performance.

Another feature is that it uses light but tough polyester resin as the body material.

[Outline of Specifications]
Size: Length 3,400 mm × Width 1,380 mm × Height 1,220 mm
Wheelbase: 1,700 mm
Vehicle weight: 400 kg
Engine: Air-cooled two-stroke, two-cylinder, 423 cc
Max. output: 23 HP
Transmission forward four-speed (fourth-speed is overtop)
Max. speed: 120 km/h
These specifications may be subject to change.

Environment around Subaru

Subaru group mobilization
The most popular part of this year’s motor show was undoubtedly the No. 2 pavilion, the reason being that this was where the passenger cars were on display.

This year’s show had a number of points that were different from previous shows, and the method of exhibition was one of these differences. Until last year, passenger cars were displayed together with freight and passenger vehicles in the same pavilion, however, this year an easier layout for visitors was adopted by exhibiting passenger cars in the No. 2 pavilion, auto-related industries such as parts and machine tools in the No. 1 pavilion, two-wheelers such as motorbikes and scooters in the No. 3 pavilion, commercial vehicles in the No. 4 pavilion, and custom-designed vehicles in the outdoor exhibition area.

Needless to say, Subaru Group placed a number of vehicles in this popular No. 2 pavilion, and they were the first exhibits that visitors saw as they entered.

Sports cars – The main attraction
The first thing that visitors were drawn to was the Subaru Sports. The Subaru booth was also ideally located immediately to the left after visitors entered the pavilion.

One of the features of the show was the large presence of sports cars, and the Subaru Sports in particular attracted a lot of attention as a small capacity vehicle of just 450 cc.

Bathed in the bright ceiling lights, the Subaru Sports with its sparkling red body was a major draw through the entire exhibition as it turned slowly on the revolving stand.

Usually at motor shows, rather than the technical aspects of exhibited cars, many people tend to first look at the appearance and style of vehicles and then focus on written details concerning performance, price and launch date. This was certainly the case with the majority of opinions concerning the Subaru Sports.

Comments from a group of junior high school students were as follows:

“The 450 engine in this is pretty small. I’m amazed it can reach 120 km/h.”

“The style is a little strange. The front part seems to be too long. But still its overall appearance is well contained.”

“It’s because it’s a sports car. It has to have some streamlining.”

“The headlights are withdrawn a long way. They wouldn’t break even if the car had a collision.”

“I wonder how much it costs.”

“It’s still a prototype. Who knows? But since it’s a sports car, it’s probably more expensive than ordinary cars.”

“That’s natural. It’s built to go faster.”

As they carried on this conversation, they took photographs from various angles.

A college student gave his thoughts as follows:

“It’s a good idea that this car’s underbody is based on the design of ordinary Subaru cars. Running performance should be a lot of fun. However, as for style, I wish they would do something with the front part. I suppose it can’t be helped; after all it is a sports car and it is necessary to take wind resistance and so on into account.”

That was a typical opinion for a college student.

The Subaru Sports was generally surrounded by a lot of students and young people. For them, sports cars are attractive and a symbol of desire. Maybe they can imagine themselves driving at high speeds when they see such a car.

In any case, considering that Subaru’s factory production cars already had an established reputation, there seemed to be a lot of anticipation directed towards the Subaru Sports.

(Excerpt from “Subaru No. 7” issued on November 25, 1961)

Highly Successful "Justy" Press Conference

Fri, 22 Mar 2013 18:54:10 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

In this column, we pick up old materials and documents from the archives in order to give you a taste of the atmosphere and conditions of the past. This week, we will introduce a column describing the public presentation of the Justy from Cartopia Vol. 141 (issued in March 1984)

Highly Successful “Justy” Press Conference

The Justy press conference, held at the Tokyo Keio Plaza Hotel on Feb. 2, featured the debut of the Justy as well as the formal presentation of the “Subaru ECVT”. The conference was a great success as the room was filled to capacity and quite lively.

Sadamichi Sasaki. President of Fuji Heavy Industries, provided a description of the new model followed by the display of actual vehicles in the exhibition hall. Crowds formed around the Justy models equipped with 4WD, FF and ECVT, as well as the cutaway models of the ECVT power unit, with the heat of the room suddenly rising from the body heat of so many people and the constant flashing of flashbulbs. Persons in attendance commented that, “the style is anything but boring and it seems easy to handle”, while others thought that, “it looks great as a two-box and the four-wheel drive is so characteristic of Subaru.” Another person mentioned that, “the clean design of the nose and the slightly rounded body make for quite a cute style.” It garnered high praise especially from women and young persons as the one-two punch of the 1.0 liter two-box 4WD and ECVT proved to be quite effective.

Extract from Cartopia Vol. 141

Third Generation Rex

Thu, 21 Mar 2013 15:46:56 +0900

Third Generation Rex (1986 to 1992)

In November 1986, after undergoing a model change, the New Rex Combi Series was launched, and this was followed by the New Sedan Series in December.

In February 1987, the fulltime 4WD Rex sedan equipped with “Twin Viscous” coupling was launched, and it was followed in July by the Rex ECVT equipped with ECVT*. On March 3, 1988, 30 years after the launch of the Subaru 360, a supercharged New Rex with powered auto-top and ECVT was launched. The ECVT of the supercharged model had greater electromagnetic clutch capacity and oil pump pressure than the conventional ECVT and it was equipped with an oil cooler for dealing with higher power. In April this year, Subaru Technica International (STI) was established.

June 1989 saw the mounting of the “Clover 4” 550 cc in-line four-cylinder engine to all models of the New Rex Series.

In 1990, further revision of the standards for light cars meant that engine displacement could be raised to 660 cc and car length could be extended by 100 mm. In line with these changes, the new Rex 660 fitted with a 660 cc engine was launched on February 26. The new engine, based on the four-cylinder Clover 4, adopted higher stroke suited to the larger torque; it improved on the quietness and low vibration of the conventional engine, and greatly improved running performance and running stability.

Also, a model equipped with electronically controlled multipoint fuel injection (EMPi) was added to standard engine models, and this marked evolution in the electronic control of Subaru light car engines.

In June 1991, the “Rex HAI”, equipped with original design seats, original door trim fabric accent, original design floor mats and so on, was launched following joint development with the “HAI” fashion brand. Also, special specification models such as the “Rex ai-3/ai-5” and “Rex LS Special”, equipped with air conditioner, original seats and cassette player, were launched.

(Note)*ECVT: Electro-Continuously Variable Transmission

Full-time 4WD Rex sedan

Size: Length 3,195 mm x Width 1,395 mm x Height 1,430 mm
Wheelbase: 2,295 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,215 mm (Rear) 1,185 mm
Min. ground clearance: 175 mm
Vehicle weight: 640 kg
Riding capacity: Four persons

Engine: EK23
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, in-line two-cylinder OHC
Displacement: 544 cc
Max. output: 36PS/7,000 rpm
Max. torque: 4.4 kg·m/4,500 rpm

Suspension
Front: Strut independent suspension
Rear: Strut independent suspension

Rex ECVT sedan equipped with ECVT

Size: Length 3,195 mm x Width 1,395 mm x Height 1,420 mm
Wheelbase: 2,295 mm
Tread: (Front) 1,220 mm (Rear) 1,220 mm
Min. ground clearance: 180 mm
Vehicle weight: 580 kg
Riding capacity: Four persons

Engine: EK23
Model: Water-cooled four-cycle, in-line two-cylinder OHC
Displacement: 544 cc
Max. output: 30PS/6,000 rpm
Max. torque: 4.2 kg·m/3,500 rpm

Suspension
Front: Strut independent suspension
Rear: Semi trailing arm independent suspension

how the Subaru 360 was being manufactured

Tue, 19 Mar 2013 16:17:00 +0900

In the Attic named Pleiades

Subaru 360
In this column, we pick up old materials and documents from the archives in order to give a taste of the atmosphere and conditions of the past. Here, we have picked up materials from Vol. 4 (issued on July 1, 1961) of the Subaru magazine (since renamed Cartopia) that was used for communicating with Subaru users, and we take a look at how the Subaru 360 was being manufactured at that time.

“New Cars Every Day - Taking a Look at the Subaru Mass Production Plant”

The Gunma Works of Fuji Heavy Industries is located in Ohta City, Gunma Prefecture, approximately two hours from Tokyo.

Ohta City, which has a population of 63,000, is historically known as the place where Nitta Yoshisada rallied his forces. Before WWII, the city was devoted to manufacturing Nakajima aircraft, while after WWII it was the birthplace of the Rabbit Scooter (developed by Fuji Industries – the forerunner of Fuji Heavy Industries). The relationship between Ohta City and Fuji Heavy Industries also became deeper through the glorious success in the inter-city baseball tournament.

Subaru began construction of a mass production plant in this town from the end of 1959. The plant was taken over by the occupation forces after WWII and came to be known as Camp Bender. Disposal of the site was officially decided in August 1960, and an assembly plant with floor area of 60,000 m2 was completed on the site of approximately 540,000 m2. The plant turned out its first car on September 26 and started full-scale production in November. It has production capacity of 4,000 units per month.

This plant is equipped with Subaru’s integrated production facilities spanning all processes from pressing to final outfitting. It is a state-of-the-art facility equipped with the latest equipment and rational management systems. The conveyors that have a combined length of 3,200 m are all automatically controlled from the control center. Moreover, IBM (computer system) has been introduced in order to improve production efficiency.

This plant today continues to turn out made-in-Japan cars.
(* All data is taken from that time).

Administration building
Gunma Works main plant has very expansive premises. This area will become a center for the auto industry in the near future. The four white buildings are Subaru assembly plants, from the right, comprising the pressing plant, parts assembly plant, coating and outfitting plant, and final inspection plant. To the right of these plants, again looking from the right, are the engineering building, canteen, and finally the administration building.

Press line
This special plant, which has floor space of 8,000 m2, is designed to concentrate press shops in the automobile division. Machines have been arranged with a view to create the flow of press work centered on the numerous large presses, thereby achieving a high level of efficiency.

Consolidated assembly line
Press and processed materials are assembled here. The lines consist of a conveyor assembly line and a parts consolidating sub-line. Numerous welding machines are arranged and the lines are totally synchronized from the control center.

Coating line
The coating line consists of pretreatment machines, spray-coating booths and drying furnaces.
The pretreatment machines conduct complete degreasing, washing and phosphating to ensure that the optimum undercoat is achieved, and here too scientific management and machine operations are totally automated.

Undercoat, base coat and top coat processes are conducted in entirely air conditioned and dedicated spray coating booths to ensure that cars are given a beautiful coating finish. The coating materials undergo intensive management in the coating material mixing room and are directly conveyed to the spraying booths via pipes.

Temperature inside the hot air drying furnace is adjusted to a uniform level from the control center. Temperature distribution in the drying furnace is planned to ensure that the optimum coating membrane is obtained, and it can be adjusted to conform to the conveyor speed.

Since the coating process adopts a state-of-the-art power and free conveyor system, it is able to fully utilize the characteristics of each item of equipment.

Outfitting line
After the coating, cars go onto the outfitting line. This is where cars finally become complete. This line comprises integrated continuous outfitting conveyor line, parts assembly sub-lines and part supply lines. This too is an ideal assembly plant fully synchronized by commands from the control center.

Car inspection and completion line
Completed cars coming off the outfitting line undergo a painstaking final inspection geared to ensuring that all cars have uniform performance and accuracy. Here, inspection machines such as wheel alignment adjuster, brake tester, chassis dynamo meter, headlight tester, shower tester and so on are consecutively installed.

Shipping
Subaru cars that pass the final inspection are assembled in the yard for overland and truck transportation to destinations all over Japan. They are finally delivered to customers through specified agents.

(Excerpt from Subaru Vol. 4 issued on July 1, 1961)